This research investigates the interaction between selection, gene flow, adaptation, reproductive isolation, and population dynamics. The above photo shows stickleback from Misty Lake (top in the above and left in the below) and from the stream that flows into Misty Lake (bottom in the above and right in the below). In short, we have found that natural selection promotes the adaptive divergence of lake and stream stickleback, but that the magnitude of divergence – and even population persistence – can be constrained by gene flow. We are also examining whether adaptive divergence feeds back on gene flow by causing the evolution of reproductive isolation (i.e., ecological speciation).

Most recently, we are starting intensive work on how stickleback phenotypes and evolution shape lake aquatic communities and the ecosystem services they provide.

Podcasts about our stickleback eco-evo experiments -->

Animals Eating Stickleback - click here

Some Fieldwork Videos:
​Some of our stickleback blog posts:
CT scan video by Grant Haines
Some photographs  
Papers:
  1.  Hendry, A.P., R.D.H. Barrett, A.M. Bell, M.A. Bell, D.I. Bolnick, K.M. Gotanda, G.E. Haines, Å.J. Lind, M. Packer, C.L. Peichel, C.R. Peterson, H.A. Poore, R.L. Massengill, K. Milligan-McClellan, N.C. Steinel, S. Sanderson, M.R. Walsh, J.N. Weber, and A.M. Derry. 2024. Designing eco-evolutionary experiments for restoration projects: Opportunities and constraints revealed during stickleback introductions. Ecology and Evolution 14:e11503. PDF
  2. Poore, H.A., Y.E. Stuart, D.J. Rennison, M. Roesti, A.P. Hendry, D.I. Bolnick, and C.L. Peichel. 2023. Repeated genetic divergence plays a minor role in repeated phenotypic divergence of lake-stream stickleback. Evolution 77:110-122. PDF
  3. Haines, G. E., L. Moisan, A.M. Derry, and A.P. Hendry. 2023. Dimensionality and modularity of adaptive variation: divergence in threespine stickleback from diverse environments. The American Naturalist 201:175-199. PDF (high-resolution version is here).​
  4. Haenel, Q., K.B. Oke, T.G. Laurentino, A.P. Hendry, and D. Berner. 2021. Clinal genomic analysis reveals strong reproductive isolation across a steep habitat transition in stickleback fish. Nature Communications 12:4850. PDF
  5. Garcia-Elfring, A., A. Paccard, T.J. Thurman, B.A. Wasserman, E.P. Palkovacs, A.P. Hendry, and R.D.H. Barrett. 2021. Using seasonal genomic changes to understand historical adaptation to new environments: Parallel selection on stickleback in highly-variable estuaries. Molecular Ecology 30:2054-2064. PDF
  6. Haines, G.E., Y.E. Stuart, D. Hanson, T. Tasneem, D.I. Bolnick, H.C.E. Larsson, and A.P. Hendry. 2020. Adding the third dimension to studies of parallel evolution of morphology and function: an exploration based on parapatric lake-stream stickleback. Ecology and Evolution 10:13297-13311. PDF​
  7. Wasserman, B.A., A. Paccard, T.M. Apgar, S. Des Roches, R.D.H. Barrett, A.P. Hendry, and E.P. Palkovacs. 2020. Ecosystem size shapes antipredator trait evolution in estuarine threespine stickleback. Oikos. DOI: 10.1111/oik.07482. PDF
  8. Paccard, A., D. Hanson, Y.E. Stuart, F.A. von Hippel, M. Kalbe, T. Klepaker, S. Skúlason, B.K. Kristjánsson, D.I. Bolnick, A.P. Hendry, and R.D.H. Barrett. 2020. Repeatability of adaptive radiation depends on spatial scale: regional versus global replicates of stickleback in lake versus stream habitats. Journal of Heredity 111:43-56. PDF
  9. Paccard, A., B.A. Wasserman, D. Hanson, L. Astorg, D. Durston, S. Kurland, T.M. Apgar, R.W. El-Sabaawi, E.P. Palkovacs, A.P. Hendry, and R.D.H. Barrett. 2018. Adaptation in temporally variable environments: stickleback armor in periodically breaching bar-built estuaries. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31:735-752. PDF 
  10. Thompson, C.J., N.I. Ahmed, T. Veen, C.L. Peichel, A.P. Hendry, D.I. Bolnick, and Y.E. Stuart. 2017. Many-to-one form-to-function mapping weakens parallel evolution. Evolution 71:2738-2749. PDF 
  11. Hanson, D., J. Hu, A.P. Hendry, and R.D.H. Barrett. 2017. Heritable gene expression differences between lake and stream stickleback include both parallel and antiparallel components. Heredity 119:339-348. PDF 
  12. Stuart, Y.E., T. Veen, J.N. Weber, D. Hanson, M. Ravinet, B.K. Lohman, C.J. Thompson, T. Tasneem, A. Doggett, R. Izen, N. Ahmed, R.D.H. Barrett, A.P. Hendry, C.L. Peichel, and D.I. Bolnick. 2017. Contrasting effects of environment and genetics generate a predictable continuum of parallel evolution. Nature Ecology and Evolution 1:0158. PDF 
  13. Oke, K.B., G. Rolshausen, C. LeBlond, and A.P. Hendry. 2017. How parallel is parallel evolution? A comparative analysis in fishes. American Naturalist 190:1-16. PDF 
  14. Hanson, D., J.-S. Moore, E.B. Taylor, R.D.H. Barrett, and A.P. Hendry. 2016. Assessing reproductive isolation using a contact zone between parapatric lake-stream stickleback ecotypes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29:2491-2501. PDF 
  15. Oke, K.B., M. Bukhari, R. Kaeuffer, G. Rolshausen, K. Räsänen, D.I. Bolnick, C.L. Peichel, and A.P. Hendry. 2016. Does plasticity enhance or dampen phenotypic parallelism? A test with three lake-stream stickleback pairs. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29:126–143. PDF 
  16. Hanson, D., R. Barrett, and A.P. Hendry. 2016. Testing for parallel allochronic isolation in lake-stream stickleback. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29:47–57. PDF 
  17. Rolshausen, G., S. Muttalib, R. Kaeuffer, K. B. Oke, D. Hanson, and A.P. Hendry. 2015. When maladaptive gene flow does not increase selection. Evolution 69:2289–2302. PDF 
  18. Roesti, M., S. Gavrilets, A.P. Hendry, W. Salzburger, and D. Berner. 2014. The genomic signature of parallel adaptation from shared genetic variation. Molecular Ecology 23:3944-3956. PDF 
  19. Räsänen, K., and A.P. Hendry. 2014. Asymmetric reproductive barriers and mosaic reproductive isolation: insights from Misty lake-stream stickleback. Ecology and Evolution 4:1166-1175. PDF 
  20. Hendry, A.P., R. Kaeuffer, E. Crispo, C.L. Peichel, and D.I. Bolnick. 2013. Evolutionary inferences from the analysis of exchangeability. Evolution 67:3429-3441. PDF 
  21. Hendry, A.P., C.L. Peichel, B. Matthews, J.W. Boughman, and P. Nosil. 2013. Stickleback research: the now and the next. Evolutionary Ecology Research 15:111-141. PDF 
  22. Hendry, A.P., A.S. Hendry, and C.A. Hendry. 2013. Hendry Vineyard Stickleback: testing for contemporary lake-stream divergence. Evolutionary Ecology Research 15: 343-359. PDF 
  23. Baker, J.A., K. Räsänen, J.-S. Moore, and A.P. Hendry. 2013. Genetic and plastic contributions to trait divergence between parapatric habitats: female life-history traits in threespine stickleback from the Misty Lake system. Evolutionary Ecology Research 15:473-487. PDF 
  24. Roesti, M., A.P. Hendry, W. Salzburger, and D. Berner. 2012. Genome divergence during evolutionary diversification revealed in replicate lake-stream stickleback population pairs. Molecular Ecology 21:2852-2862. PDF 
  25. Räsänen, K., M. Delcourt, L.J. Chapman, and A.P. Hendry. 2012. Divergent selection and then what not: the puzzle of missing reproductive isolation in Misty lake and stream stickleback. International Journal of Ecology. Article ID 902438. PDF 
  26. Kaeuffer, R., Peichel, C.L., D. Bolnick, and A.P. Hendry. 2012. Parallel and non-parallel aspects of ecological, phenotypic, and genetic divergence across replicate population pairs of lake and stream stickleback. Evolution 66:402-418. PDF 
  27. Berner, D., R. Kaeuffer, A.-C. Grandchamp, J.A.M. Raeymaekers, K. Räsänen, and A.P. Hendry. 2011. Quantitative genetic inheritance of morphological divergence in a lake-stream stickleback ecotype pair: implications for reproductive isolation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24:1975-1983. PDF 
  28. Hendry, A.P., K. Hudson, J.A. Walker, K. Räsänen, and L. Chapman. 2011. Genetic divergence in morphology-performance mapping between Misty Lake and inlet stickleback. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24:23-35. PDF 
  29. Raeymaekers, J.A.M., M. Boisjoly, L. Delaire, D. Berner, K. Räsänen, and A.P. Hendry. 2010. Testing for mating isolation between ecotypes: laboratory experiments with lake, stream, and hybrid stickleback. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23:2694-2798. PDF 
  30. Berner, D., M. Rosti, A.P. Hendry, and W. Salzburger. 2010. Constraints on speciation suggested by comparing lake-stream stickleback divergence across two continents. Molecular Ecology 19:4963-4978. PDF 
  31. Hendry, A. P., D. I. Bolnick, D. Berner, and C. L. Peichel. 2009. Along the speciation continuum in stickleback. Journal of Fish Biology 75:2000-2036. PDF 
  32. Berner, D., A.-C. Grandchamp, and A.P. Hendry. 2009. Variable progress toward ecological speciation in parapatry: stickleback across eight lake-stream transitions. Evolution 63:1740-1753. PDF 
  33. Moore, J.-S., and A.P. Hendry. 2009. Can gene flow have negative demographic consequences? Mixed evidence from stream threespine stickleback. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 364:1533-1542. PDF 
  34. Raeymaekers, J.A.M., L. Delaire, and A.P. Hendry. 2009. Genetically-based differences in nest characteristics between lake, inlet, and hybrid threespine stickleback from the Misty system, British Columbia, Canada. Evolutionary Ecology Research 11:905–919. PDF 
  35. Sharpe, D.M.T., K. Räsänen, D. Berner, A.P. Hendry. 2008. Genetic and environmental contributions to the morphology of lake and stream stickleback: implications for gene flow and reproductive isolation. Evolutionary Ecology Research 10:849-866. PDF 
  36. Berner, D., D.C. Adams, A.-C. Grandchamp, and A.P. Hendry. 2008. Natural selection drives patterns of lake-stream divergence in stickleback foraging morphology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:1653-1665. PDF 
  37. Delcourt, M., K. Räsänen, and A.P. Hendry. 2008. Genetic and plastic components of divergent male intersexual behavior in Misty lake/stream stickleback. Behavioral Ecology 19:1217-1224. PDF
  38. Moore, J.-S., J.L. Gow, E.B. Taylor, and A.P. Hendry. 2007. Quantifying the constraining influence of gene flow on adaptive divergence in the lake-stream threespine stickleback system. Evolution 61:2015-2026. PDF 
  39. Moore, J.-S., and A.P. Hendry. 2005. Both selection and gene flow are necessary to explain adaptive divergence: evidence from clinal variation in stream stickleback. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7:781-886. PDF 
  40. Hendry, A.P., and E.B. Taylor. 2004. How much of the variation in adaptive divergence can be explained by gene flow: an evaluation using lake/stream stickleback. Evolution 58:2319–2331. PDF 
  41. Hendry, A.P., E.B. Taylor, and J.D. McPhail. 2002. Adaptive divergence and the balance between selection and gene flow: lake and stream stickleback in the Misty system. Evolution 56:1199-1216. PDF 
  42. Hendry, A.P., T. Day, and E.B. Taylor. 2001. Population mixing and the adaptive divergence of quantitative characters in discrete populations: a theoretical framework for empirical tests. Evolution 55: 459-466. PDF